The correct option is (a) 1 and 2 only.
Explanation
The Gupta administration was characterized by a degree of decentralization where local administration at the district (Vishaya) and city (Adhishthana) levels was assisted by a council of representatives from major professional bodies and guilds. This council played a significant role in the governance of the city.
Statement 1 is Correct:
The Nagara-shreshthi was the chief banker or the president of the city merchants. He represented the guild of bankers and merchants in the local administrative council, reflecting the importance of urban finance in governance.
Statement 2 is Correct:
The Sarthavaha was the leader of the merchant caravans. He represented the community of traders involved in transport and long-distance commerce within the administrative board.
Statement 3 is Incorrect:
The Prathama-kulika was the chief artisan or the head of the craft guilds (representing the manufacturing community). He was not the chief judicial officer. The chief scribe or writer, known as the Prathama-kayastha, was also part of this board, while judicial matters were generally overseen by officers like the Dandanayaka or Mahadandanayaka.
Key Takeaway:
The administrative board (Adhishthana-adhikarana) in Gupta cities typically comprised four key representatives: the Nagara-shreshthi (Chief Banker), the Sarthavaha (Caravan Leader), the Prathama-kulika (Chief Artisan), and the Prathama-kayastha (Chief Scribe).