The correct option is (a).
Explanation
The genealogy of the Gupta dynasty is primarily reconstructed from epigraphic sources such as the Allahabad Pillar Inscription (Prayaga Prashasti) composed by Harisena. These inscriptions provide specific details regarding the lineage, matrimonial alliances, and the hierarchy of titles adopted by the rulers to signify their sovereign status.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: Samudragupta is explicitly described in the Allahabad Pillar inscription as Lichchhavi-dauhitra, which translates to "the grandson of the Lichchhavis." His mother, Kumara Devi, was a princess belonging to the Lichchhavi gana (republic). This matrimonial alliance is considered a pivotal moment in the political rise of the Guptas.
- Statement 2 is Correct: Chandragupta I is regarded as the first imperial ruler of the dynasty. He was the first to adopt the high-sounding title of Maharajadhiraja (King of Kings), distinguishing himself from his predecessors who held lower ranks.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: Samudragupta did not use the title Maharaja only; he continued the imperial tradition established by his father and assumed the title Maharajadhiraja. The inscriptions clearly distinguish the imperial rulers (Chandragupta I, Samudragupta) from the earlier chieftains based on these titles.
- Statement 4 is Incorrect: Samudragupta’s great-grandfather was Srigupta, the founder of the dynasty. In Gupta genealogical records, both Srigupta (great-grandfather) and Ghatotkacha (grandfather) are referred to only as Maharaja. This title implies a status of a feudatory or a minor chieftain, rather than the sovereign status implied by Maharajadhiraja.
Key Takeaway:
The evolution of titles in the Gupta dynasty-from Maharaja (used by the first two rulers) to Maharajadhiraja (adopted by Chandragupta I onwards)-signifies the transition of the dynasty from local chieftainship to an imperial sovereign power.