The correct option is (b).
Explanation
The term 'Samanta' refers to subordinate rulers, military leaders, or landed aristocrats who became a prominent feature of the Indian political structure during the Gupta and post-Gupta periods (notably under Harshavardhana). This system marked the transition towards a feudal polity in early medieval India.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: Samantas were primarily military leaders or powerful landlords. Their main political obligation was to acknowledge the suzerainty of the king and provide him with military aid and troops during times of war.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Unlike the officials of the Mauryan administration who were paid in cash (panas), Samantas were not paid regular salaries in gold coins or cash. The post-Gupta period saw a decline in the use of money for administrative payments.
- Statement 3 is Correct: In lieu of cash salaries, Samantas received grants of land. They were authorized to collect revenue from these lands to maintain themselves, their families, and the troops they were required to furnish to the king.
- Statement 4 is Correct: The loyalty of a Samanta was often conditional on the strength of the central authority. Whenever the king became weak or the central administration faltered, powerful Samantas would assert their independence and try to establish their own rule.
Key Takeaway:
The Samanta system signifies the decentralization of power and the rise of feudalism in ancient India, characterized by the substitution of cash salaries with land revenue assignments.