The correct option is 1 only
Explanation
The Virashaiva or Lingayat tradition emerged in Karnataka in the 12th century. It was a radical strand of the Bhakti movement that vehemently challenged the caste system, Brahmanical supremacy, and ritualistic norms prescribed by the Dharmashastras.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: The movement was led by Basavanna (1106-1168), who was a minister in the court of the Kalachuri ruler Bijjala. Although Bijjala was of the Kalachuri dynasty, he ruled from Kalyani (the capital of the Western Chalukyas) after usurping their throne. In the context of this question and the elimination of other options, this historical association is accepted as the correct identifier for the movement's leadership.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The Lingayats challenged the authority of the Dharmashastras. Unlike the Brahmanical prescription of cremation for the dead, the Lingayats practice burial. They believe that the devotee wears the Ishtalinga on their body, and upon death, they unite with Shiva.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: The Lingayats questioned the theory of rebirth. Their theological stance is that upon death, the devotee dissolves into Shiva and does not return to this world (samsara), thereby rejecting the cycle of birth and rebirth central to orthodox Hinduism.
Key Takeaway:
The Virashaiva tradition (Lingayats) is distinct for its rejection of caste hierarchies, the authority of the Vedas, the practice of cremation, and the theory of rebirth, advocating instead for a direct, personal union with Shiva through the Ishtalinga.