The correct option is (c) 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that targets the immune system. Its transmission is strictly limited to the exchange of specific body fluids, and understanding these modes is essential for public health awareness.
- Statement 1 is Correct: HIV is transmitted through sexual contact with an infected person. The virus is present in high concentrations in sexual fluids, including semen, vaginal fluids, and rectal fluids. Unprotected sexual intercourse allows these fluids to enter the bloodstream or mucous membranes of an uninfected person.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: HIV is not transmitted through casual contact such as shaking hands, hugging, sharing utensils, or using the same toilet. The virus cannot survive for long periods outside the human body and is not transmitted through sweat, tears, or saliva (unless contaminated with blood).
- Statement 3 is Correct: HIV can be transmitted from an infected mother to her infant. This is known as vertical transmission and can occur during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding, as the virus is present in breast milk.
Key Takeaway: HIV transmission occurs exclusively through the exchange of specific body fluids-blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk-and never through air, water, vectors (like mosquitoes), or casual social interaction.