The correct option is (a) 1 and 2 only.
Explanation
In the Gupta dynasty, royal titles served as indicators of political status and sovereignty. The distinction between the titles Maharaja and Maharajadhiraja marks the transition of the dynasty from likely feudatory chiefs to independent imperial rulers.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: Chandragupta I (c. 319–335 CE) is considered the real founder of the Gupta Empire's imperial power. He was the first ruler of the dynasty to assume the grand title of Maharajadhiraja (King of Kings). This title signified his elevated status compared to his predecessors, likely bolstered by his matrimonial alliance with the Lichchhavis.
- Statement 2 is Correct: Samudragupta, the son and successor of Chandragupta I, expanded the empire significantly. In inscriptions such as the Allahabad Pillar Inscription (Prayaga Prashasti), he is also referred to by the imperial title Maharajadhiraja, continuing the tradition established by his father.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: Samudragupta’s grandfather was Ghatotkacha, and his great-grandfather was Srigupta. In Gupta genealogical records (such as the Allahabad Pillar Inscription), both Srigupta and Ghatotkacha are referred to only as Maharaja. This title typically denoted a subordinate or feudatory rank in that period, distinguishing them from the sovereign rulers who followed.
Key Takeaway:
Chandragupta I was the first Gupta ruler to adopt the title Maharajadhiraja, marking the rise of the Guptas as an independent empire. His predecessors, Srigupta and Ghatotkacha, held the lesser title of Maharaja.