The correct option is 2 and 3 only
Explanation
In medieval Sanskrit texts and inscriptions, incoming migrant communities were rarely identified by their religious identity (such as "Muslim"). Instead, they were typically classified based on their region of origin, ethnicity, or cultural practices using terms derived from ancient conventions.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: Between the eighth and fourteenth centuries, the term "Muslim" was virtually absent in Sanskrit texts. Instead of using a religious classification, these texts identified people by their geographical or ethnic origins, such as Turushka (Turks), Tajika (Tajiks), or Parashika (Persians).
- Statement 2 is Correct: The term Turushka was specifically used to designate the Turks. This followed the convention of naming communities after their region or tribe.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The term Yavana was historically used for Greeks (Ionians). In the medieval period, its usage was extended to refer to other migrants arriving from the northwest, including Turks and Afghans.
- Statement 4 is Incorrect: The term mlechchha was a general derogatory term used for outsiders who did not observe the norms of the caste society and spoke languages other than Sanskrit. It was not used for Sanskrit speakers; rather, it denoted those considered culturally distinct or "barbaric" by Brahmanical standards.
Key Takeaway:
Medieval Sanskrit texts classified incoming Islamic communities using ethnic (Turushka), geographical (Tajika), or cultural (Mlechchha, Yavana) terms rather than religious labels like "Muslim."