Correct Option
The correct option is (a).
Explanation
Fa Xian (Faxian), a Chinese Buddhist pilgrim who visited India during the reign of Chandragupta II (c. 375–415 CE), provided detailed accounts of the social, religious, and economic conditions of the Gupta Empire. His writings offer significant insights into the stratification of society, particularly the existence and treatment of "untouchables" or Chandalas.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: Fa Xian observed that the Chandalas, whom he referred to as "evil men" (in the context of social status), were segregated from the rest of society. They were required to live apart from the general population, typically on the outskirts of cities or villages.
- Statement 2 is Correct: The practice of untouchability was rigid during this period. Fa Xian noted that upper-caste citizens strictly avoided physical contact with Chandalas to maintain ritual purity. If a Chandala was near, others would ensure they did not brush against them.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: Chandalas were not forbidden from entering the marketplace under any circumstances. Fa Xian explicitly mentions that they did enter towns and marketplaces to sell their goods or conduct necessary activities, but they had to follow strict protocols (such as sounding a warning) while doing so.
- Statement 4 is Correct: To ensure that higher caste individuals could avoid "polluting" contact, Chandalas were required to strike a piece of wood while entering a city or marketplace. This sound served as a warning, allowing others to recognize their presence and move away to avoid contact.
Key Takeaway: Fa Xian’s account confirms that while the Gupta period is often termed a "Golden Age," it was characterized by rigid social stratification and the institutionalization of untouchability, where Chandalas faced severe social segregation and exclusion.