The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
The election to the Rajya Sabha is conducted in accordance with the system of Proportional Representation by means of the Single Transferable Vote (STV). This system ensures that the representation of different parties in the legislature is roughly proportional to their strength in the electoral college (State Legislative Assemblies).
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: Under the STV system, every voter (MLA) does not cast a single vote for a single candidate but ranks candidates in order of preference (1, 2, 3, etc.) on the ballot paper. This ranking is essential for the transfer of votes.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: To win a seat, a candidate must secure a specific quota of votes, not necessarily a fixed 51% majority. The quota is determined by the following formula:
Quota = [(Total Valid Votes) ÷ (Number of Seats to be Filled + 1)] + 1.
For example, if there are multiple seats to be filled, the required percentage of votes is significantly lower than 51%. - Statement 3 is Correct: The counting process involves the transfer of votes. If a candidate secures the required quota, their surplus votes are transferred to other candidates based on the second preference. If seats remain unfilled, the candidate with the fewest first-preference votes is eliminated, and their votes are transferred to the remaining candidates according to the next available preference marked on the ballot.
Key Takeaway:
In the Rajya Sabha elections, a candidate wins by securing a calculated quota based on the number of vacancies, not by a simple majority (First Past the Post). The system relies on ranking preferences to minimize wasted votes.