The correct option is (c) Both 1 and 2.
Explanation
The National Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), released by NITI Aayog, is based on the Alkire-Foster methodology. It assesses poverty across three equally weighted dimensions: Health, Education, and Standard of Living. These dimensions are represented by 12 indicators. The Education dimension includes two indicators: 'Years of Schooling' and 'School Attendance'.
Statement 1 is Correct:
According to the National MPI methodology, the 'School Attendance' indicator defines deprivation at the household level. A household is considered deprived if any school-aged child within that household is not attending school. The focus is on ensuring that every eligible child is in the education system; the exclusion of even one child triggers deprivation for the whole family in this indicator.
Statement 2 is Correct:
The specific definition for the 'School Attendance' indicator states that a household is deprived if any school-aged child is not attending school up to the age at which he/she would complete class 8. This age threshold aligns with the mandate of the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, which guarantees elementary education (up to Class 8). The statement correctly identifies that the indicator applies to children up to the age corresponding to the completion of this specific class level.
Key Takeaway:
In the National MPI, the School Attendance indicator considers a household deprived if any child is not attending school up to the age of completing Class 8.