The correct option is (c).
Explanation
The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), published by the UNDP and OPHI (and adapted by NITI Aayog for the National MPI), measures acute poverty across three dimensions: Health, Education, and Standard of Living. The Sanitation indicator falls under the Standard of Living dimension. It defines specific criteria to determine if a household is "deprived" based on the type and usage of sanitation facilities.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect. According to the MPI methodology, a household is considered deprived if the sanitation facility is improved but shared with other households. Therefore, sharing an improved facility does not prevent deprivation; rather, it is one of the conditions that classifies a household as deprived.
- Statement 2 is Correct. A household is classified as deprived if it has no sanitation facility (i.e., members practice open defecation).
- Statement 3 is Correct. A household is classified as deprived if it uses an unimproved sanitation facility (such as a pit latrine without a slab or platform, hanging latrine, or bucket latrine).
Key Takeaway: Under the MPI, a household is deprived in sanitation if it has no facility, uses an unimproved facility, or uses an improved facility that is shared with other households.