The correct option is (a) 1 only.
Explanation
In medieval India, as society became more differentiated, people were grouped into jatis (sub-castes) based on their backgrounds and occupations. These jatis became the primary units of social organization and developed specific mechanisms to regulate the behavior of their members.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: Jatis framed their own rules and regulations to manage the conduct of their members. These regulations were enforced by an assembly of elders, which in some areas was known as the jati panchayat.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Jatis were not completely autonomous entities. While they managed internal social affairs, they were also required to follow the established rules of their villages. Furthermore, they were subject to the authority of local chieftains and were obligated to pay taxes and dues to the local lords; they did not enjoy fiscal immunity.
Key Takeaway:
Jatis possessed internal autonomy regarding social conduct through Jati Panchayats but remained politically and administratively subordinate to village governance and local rulers.