The correct option is 2 and 3 only
Explanation
The relationship between Sufi orders, particularly the Chishtis, and the medieval Indian state was characterized by a delicate balance. While the Chishtis emphasized spiritual independence and simplicity, the state often sought to associate with them to derive political legitimacy.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect. While the Chishtis maintained a stance of aloofness from the court to preserve their spiritual autonomy, they did not maintain absolute isolation. They accepted donations in cash and kind, known as futuh (unasked-for charity). While they generally avoided state service (shughl) and preferred not to accept land grants (which would bind them to the state bureaucracy), they did not reject all forms of grants or interaction.
- Statement 2 is Correct. The Sultans actively sought the support of Sufi saints. To demonstrate piety and gain legitimacy, rulers set up charitable trusts known as auqaf as endowments for hospices (khanqahs) and granted tax-free land known as inam.
- Statement 3 is Correct. The spiritual authority of Sufi shaikhs was often described using terminology parallel to imperial titles. Disciples of Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya addressed him as sultan-ul-mashaikh (Sultan of the Sheikhs), asserting his supreme spiritual status in contrast to the temporal power of the rulers.
Key Takeaway:
The Chishti tradition valued distance from political power but accepted unsolicited charity (futuh). Conversely, the state utilized grants (inam, auqaf) to patronize Sufi institutions and integrate them into the socio-political framework.