The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
Phad paintings are a traditional style of religious scroll painting and folk art, unique to the state of Rajasthan (specifically the Bhilwara region). These long scrolls act as mobile temples, depicting the narratives of local folk deities.
- Statement 1 is Correct: The central figures in Phad paintings are often folk deities like Pabuji and Devnarayan. In Rajasthani folk tradition, Bhomias are venerated as brave heroes or martyrs who sacrificed their lives for the protection of cattle, land, or the community. The narrative of Pabuji, a primary subject of Phad, revolves around his martyrdom while protecting cows.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The Phad paintings are traditionally created by the Joshi community of the Chipa caste in Bhilwara, Rajasthan. They are folk artists and were not court painters of the Mughal empire. Mughal court painters belonged to imperial ateliers and practiced the Miniature style, which is distinct in technique, theme, and patronage from the folk tradition of Phad.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The performance of the Phad, known as Phad Bachan, is a night-long ritual. It is performed by a priest-singer called the Bhopa and his companion (often his wife, the Bhopi). As the Bhopa sings and plays the Ravanhatta (a musical instrument), the Bhopi holds a lamp to illuminate the specific section of the scroll being described, as the rest of the surroundings remain dark.
Key Takeaway:
Phad is a Rajasthani folk scroll painting tradition created by the Joshi community and used in night-performances by Bhopas to narrate the stories of cattle-protecting deities like Pabuji and Devnarayan.