Correct Option
The correct option is (c) 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
The Himalayan foothills, encompassing present-day Himachal Pradesh, developed a distinct tradition of miniature painting known as the Pahari School. This tradition evolved through distinct phases, influenced significantly by the migration of artists from the Mughal court and the patronage of local rulers.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: By the late seventeenth century, the region had developed a bold and intense style of painting known as Basohli. It is recognized as the earliest phase of Pahari painting. A prominent text illustrated in this style was Bhanudatta’s Rasamanjari.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The Kangra school of painting did not develop in the twentieth century. It emerged in the mid-eighteenth century. Following Nadir Shah's invasion and the conquest of Delhi in 1739, Mughal artists migrated to the hills to escape political instability, leading to the founding of the Kangra school.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The Kangra style is characterized by a lyrical treatment of themes and the use of soft colours, including cool blues and greens. The source of inspiration for this style was the Vaishnavite traditions, particularly the love of Radha and Krishna.
Key Takeaway: The Basohli style (late 17th century) is defined by bold, intense colours and patterns, whereas the Kangra style (mid-18th century) is distinguished by soft colours, lyrical lines, and naturalism.