The correct option is (c).
Explanation
The menstrual cycle is the reproductive cycle observed in female primates (e.g., monkeys, apes, and human beings). It involves cyclic physiological changes in the ovaries and the uterus, designed to prepare the female body for potential pregnancy.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect. In human females, typically only one ovum is released by one of the ovaries during a single menstrual cycle. The ovaries generally function alternately. The release of multiple ova simultaneously is not the standard norm, although it can occur in specific cases (leading to non-identical twins).
- Statement 2 is Correct. During each cycle, the uterus prepares itself to receive a fertilized egg by thickening its lining (endometrium) and increasing its blood supply to nourish a potential embryo. If fertilization does not occur, this thickened lining is no longer required. Consequently, the lining breaks down and is shed along with blood vessels and mucus through the vagina. This shedding is known as menstruation.
- Statement 3 is Correct. The menstrual cycle is strictly regulated by the interplay of hormones. Pituitary hormones (Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone) and ovarian hormones (Estrogen and Progesterone) control the maturation of the follicle, ovulation, and the maintenance of the uterine lining.
Key Takeaway:
Menstruation is the result of the breakdown of the endometrial lining in the absence of fertilization. The timing and phases of this cycle are governed by the interaction between pituitary and ovarian hormones.