The correct option is (a) 1 and 2 only.
Explanation
The Mauryan Empire maintained a highly centralized administrative system that prioritized the regulation of economic activities. Control over transport and communication networks was essential for political integration, trade facilitation, and resource mobilization across the vast empire.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: The Mauryan state actively sought to control key transport arteries, including both land roads and river routes. These routes were vital for the movement of armies, officials, and goods, serving as the backbone of imperial connectivity.
- Statement 2 is Correct: Controlling transport routes was strategically critical for the economy. It enabled the state to collect taxes, tolls, and tributes from traders and travelers. Access to specific regional resources (such as timber, elephants, or minerals) relied heavily on the security and regulation of these routes.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: The Arthashastra does not advise against the control of river routes. On the contrary, it details the role of the Superintendent of Ships (Navadhyaksha), who was responsible for regulating water transport, collecting ferry dues, and ensuring the safety of riverine trade. The text emphasizes state supervision over all major means of transport.
Key Takeaway: The Mauryan administration viewed the state control of transport routes (roads and rivers) as a fundamental mechanism for revenue generation and maintaining imperial sovereignty, a policy explicitly supported by the Arthashastra.