The correct option is (b).
Explanation
The Mauryan Empire was a vast and heterogeneous political entity encompassing diverse geographical and cultural zones. Consequently, the nature of political control varied significantly between the imperial center and the peripheral regions.Statement 1 is Incorrect: The administrative system was not uniform across the entire empire. Historians classify the Mauryan structure into metropolitan areas (directly administered from Pataliputra), core areas (provincial capitals like Taxila, Ujjain, Tosali, and Suvarnagiri), and peripheral regions. The degree of central control diminished as the distance from the capital increased, making a uniform administrative standard impossible given the communication and transport limitations of the time.
Statement 2 is Correct: Given the diversity of the empire, the administration adopted a pragmatic approach toward governance. While imperial decrees were issued, the day-to-day administration in provinces likely incorporated local customs and traditions. The Arthashastra advises the conqueror to respect the Desha-dharma (local laws and customs) of the acquired territories to ensure political stability and acceptance.
Key Takeaway: The Mauryan Empire was not a monolithic, highly centralized state with uniform laws; rather, it functioned through a system of uneven control, balancing central authority with local autonomy and customs.