Correct Option
The correct option is (a) 1, 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
The Mauryan Empire established a highly centralized and elaborate administrative framework, primarily detailed in Kautilya's Arthashastra and Megasthenes' Indica. The administration was organized into central, provincial, and local levels, with the Emperor holding supreme authority, supported by a vast bureaucracy.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: The Mauryan state appointed specific officials to collect taxes from various sections of society, including farmers, herders, craftspersons, and traders. Revenue collection was crucial for maintaining the large army and bureaucracy. The Samaharta was the chief collector of revenue.
- Statement 2 is Correct: A robust espionage system was a distinct feature of the Mauryan administration. Spies (known as Gudhapurushas) were employed to keep a watch on the activities of officials, ministers, and the general public to ensure loyalty and prevent corruption or rebellion.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The Emperor supervised the entire administration. He was assisted by members of the royal family (often appointed as provincial governors or Kumaras) and senior ministers in overseeing the functioning of officials and ensuring the implementation of royal orders.
- Statement 4 is Incorrect: The Mauryan bureaucracy was not voluntary; it was a paid service. Officials received regular salaries in cash (silver coins known as panas). The Arthashastra specifies different salary grades for various ranks of officials, ranging from 48,000 panas for high ministers to lower amounts for junior staff.
Key Takeaway: The Mauryan administration was a centralized system characterized by a paid bureaucracy, a rigorous taxation mechanism, and an extensive espionage network, all operating under the direct supervision of the Emperor and the royal family.