The correct option is 2 and 3 only
Explanation
Medieval Indian architecture is characterized by the coexistence and synthesis of the indigenous
Trabeate style (lintels and beams) and the introduced
Arcuate style (arches and domes). This period witnessed a diversification in building materials, shifting from dry masonry to the extensive use of cementing agents.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect. While granite was a primary material in South Indian temple architecture (e.g., the Brihadisvara Temple in Thanjavur), it was not the sole material used in medieval India. In North India and the Deccan, materials such as red sandstone, marble, schist, and soapstone were widely utilized. Additionally, brick architecture was prevalent in regions like Bengal.
- Statement 2 is Correct. Bricks are smaller, lighter, and easier to mold than large stone blocks. This inherent property provided greater flexibility in construction, allowing for the creation of complex shapes, curvature, and lighter superstructures which were difficult to achieve with rigid stone monoliths.
- Statement 3 is Correct. The Arcuate style of architecture (characterized by arches and domes) relies on the precise placement of voussoirs (wedge-shaped stones). To maintain the stability of these structures and distribute weight effectively, a strong binding agent was required. Consequently, the use of lime mortar (a mixture of lime, sand, and water) became widespread with the advent of Islamic architecture in India, replacing the dry masonry techniques of the earlier period.
Key Takeaway
The introduction of
lime mortar by the Turks was a technological breakthrough in medieval Indian architecture, enabling the construction of true arches and large domes (Arcuate style) that required strong cementing material, unlike the traditional dry stone Trabeate style.