The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
The Lomas Rishi cave, located in the Barabar Hills (Bihar), is a seminal example of Mauryan rock-cut architecture. It is widely recognized for its facade, which imitates wooden architecture in stone, and its polished interior walls characteristic of the Mauryan period.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct. The architectural plan of the Lomas Rishi cave consists of a rectangular antechamber (hall) that leads into a circular chamber at the back. This circular chamber was likely intended for worship or as a sanctuary.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect. The entrance is located on the side wall (the longer side) of the rectangular hall. It does not directly face the circular chamber in an axial alignment (straight line) as seen in later Chaitya halls. Instead, one enters the rectangular hall from the side, perpendicular to the axis of the circular chamber.
- Statement 3 is Correct. The facade features a semi-circular Chaitya arch supported by two sloping jambs, imitating wooden supports. Inside the arch, there is a carved frieze of elephants moving towards stupas. This carving is noted for its high relief and the considerable movement and naturalism depicted in the animals' forms.
Key Takeaway
The Lomas Rishi cave is distinct for its side-entry layout into a rectangular hall with a circular rear chamber and its wooden-imitating facade featuring a dynamic elephant frieze.