The correct option is (b) 2 only.
Explanation
The medieval period in Indian history was characterized by significant social dynamism, leading to the emergence of new jatis (castes) based on occupation and background.
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: The Kayasthas were not a caste of warriors or chieftains. They were a specialized caste of scribes and secretaries. The warrior status was traditionally associated with the Kshatriyas and the emerging Rajput clans.
- Statement 2 is Correct: The Kayasthas rose to significant political importance between the eighth and fourteenth centuries. With the expansion of agriculture, trade, and complex administrative systems, there was a growing demand for professionals capable of maintaining land records, accounts, and official correspondence. Consequently, they became an integral part of the bureaucratic machinery in various medieval kingdoms.
Key Takeaway: The Kayasthas emerged as a distinct and influential caste of scribes and administrators during the early medieval period, driven by the bureaucratic necessities of the time.