The correct option is (d).
Explanation
The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), both at the global level (UNDP and OPHI) and the national level (NITI Aayog), assesses poverty across three dimensions: Health, Education, and Standard of Living. Housing is one of the indicators under the Standard of Living dimension. A household is identified as deprived based on the construction materials of its dwelling.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: According to the MPI methodology, a household is considered deprived in the housing indicator if the floor is made of natural materials. Examples of such materials include earth, sand, and dung.
- Statement 2 is Correct: A household is considered deprived if the roof is made of natural or rudimentary materials. Examples include thatch, palm leaf, sod, rustic mats, bamboo, wood planks, or cardboard.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Similarly, a household is considered deprived if the wall is made of natural or rudimentary materials. Examples include cane, palm, trunks, dirt, bamboo with mud, stone with mud, unburnt brick, plywood, cardboard, or reused wood.
Key Takeaway: Under the MPI framework, housing deprivation is triggered if the floor is made of natural materials, OR if the roof or walls are made of natural or rudimentary materials.