The correct option is (c)
Explanation
The economic classification of labor, the calculation of National Income, and the structural differences between the organized and unorganized sectors in the Indian economy. It specifically tests the understanding of non-monetized activities and wage determinants based on skill and education.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect:
In National Income accounting, household work performed by women (or men) for their own families is classified as a non-market activity. Since these services are not exchanged for money in the market and are difficult to value in monetary terms, they are not recognized or included in the National Income. - Statement 2 is Correct:
The unorganized sector is characterized by a lack of job security, absence of legal protection, and irregular employment. In this sector, wage discrimination is prevalent, and women are generally paid lower wages compared to men for similar work due to social biases and the lack of enforcement of the Equal Remuneration Act. - Statement 3 is Correct:
In the organized sector, employment terms are fixed and regular, and laws regarding equal pay are more strictly enforced. Women with high education and skill formation possess high human capital. Consequently, they are generally paid at par with men, as wages in this sector are largely determined by qualifications, skills, and defined pay scales rather than gender alone.
Key Takeaway:
Unpaid domestic work is excluded from National Income due to its non-monetary nature. While the unorganized sector often exhibits gender wage gaps, the organized sector ensures wage parity based on education and skill levels.