Correct Option
The correct option is (a).
Explanation
The National Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), released by NITI Aayog, assesses poverty based on three equally weighted dimensions: Health, Education, and Standard of Living. These dimensions are represented by 12 indicators. The 'Electricity' indicator falls under the Standard of Living dimension and carries a weight of 1/21 in the overall index.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: According to the National MPI methodology (aligned with the global MPI), a household is considered deprived in the 'Electricity' indicator if it has no electricity. This is a binary measure of access.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The deprivation criteria focus on the access to an electricity connection, not the quality, reliability, or duration of the power supply. Experiencing power cuts does not classify a household as deprived under this specific indicator, provided the household has an electricity connection.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: The source of electricity (whether grid-based, solar, or other off-grid solutions) does not constitute deprivation. If a household utilizes solar power for electricity, it is considered to have access to electricity and is not deprived. Deprivation is strictly defined as the absence of electricity.
Key Takeaway:
Under the National MPI, the 'Electricity' indicator defines deprivation solely as the complete lack of electricity in a household; it does not account for the reliability of supply or the specific source of power.