The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
Indo-Islamic architecture represents a synthesis of indigenous Indian architectural traditions and Islamic styles introduced from West Asia. This fusion resulted in unique decorative forms, structural techniques (such as the arcuate style), and surface ornamentations that evolved from the Delhi Sultanate period through the Mughal era.
Statement-wise Analysis
Statement 1 is Correct.
The lotus bud fringe (also known as the spearhead fringe) is a distinctive decorative element in Indo-Islamic architecture. It was used to decorate the underside (intrados) of arches. This feature is prominently observed in structures from the Khalji period, such as the Alai Darwaza (built by Alauddin Khalji in the early 14th century), where the horseshoe arches are adorned with a fringe of lotus buds, symbolizing the blending of Indian motifs with Islamic structural forms.
Statement 2 is Incorrect.
The use of foliated arches (also called cusped or scalloped arches) was not discontinued after the fifteenth century. On the contrary, this architectural feature gained immense popularity and reached its zenith during the Mughal period, particularly under the reign of Shah Jahan (17th century). Monuments like the Red Fort in Delhi and the Taj Mahal in Agra extensively feature foliated arches, marking a shift from the simpler pointed arches of the earlier Sultanate and early Mughal periods.
Statement 3 is Correct.
Pietra dura (known locally as Parchin Kari) is a decorative art technique involving the inlay of highly polished, colored semi-precious stones into a stone background (usually marble) to create images or patterns. This technique became a hallmark of Mughal architecture, particularly during the reigns of Jahangir and Shah Jahan. It was extensively applied for surface decoration, especially on the dado panels (the lower part of interior walls) of monuments like the Taj Mahal and the Tomb of Itmad-ud-Daulah.
Key Takeaway
Indo-Islamic decoration evolved from the lotus bud fringes of the Delhi Sultanate (Khalji era) to the sophisticated foliated arches and Pietra dura inlay work that characterized the peak of Mughal architecture in the 17th century.