The correct option is (c).
Explanation
Freedom of speech and expression under Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution includes the freedom of the press. However, this right is not absolute and is subject to reasonable restrictions under Article 19(2). The degree of regulation and censorship varies significantly between different forms of media, such as cinema and news reporting.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct. The government exercises censorship over films through the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC). Under the Cinematograph Act, 1952, films must be certified before public exhibition. This acts as a form of pre-censorship to ensure content aligns with public order, decency, and morality.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect. There is no system of strict, daily pre-censorship of news coverage in India. Unlike the Emergency period (1975–1977), the government does not routinely censor news media. The Press Council of India acts as a statutory, quasi-judicial body to preserve the freedom of the press and maintain standards, but it operates as a watchdog rather than a censor.
- Statement 3 is Correct. Despite the absence of formal government censorship on news, balanced reporting is often compromised. This is frequently attributed to the ownership structure of media houses, where control by large business conglomerates can influence content to suit commercial or political interests, leading to biased narratives.
Key Takeaway:
In India, films are subject to pre-censorship (certification) by the state, whereas the news media is generally free from daily government censorship but faces challenges related to commercial influence and balanced reporting.