The correct option is (d).
Explanation
Mass media operations, particularly television news studios, are capital-intensive and require significant financial resources to function. These costs encompass both the acquisition of advanced technology and the recurring expenses related to human resources and transmission.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statements 1 and 2 are Correct: A news studio requires a large workforce, including newsreaders (anchors) and technical staff (cameramen, light technicians, sound engineers, and editors). Paying salaries to these employees constitutes a major portion of the operational costs.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Television channels use transmission satellites to broadcast signals over long distances. The costs associated with leasing satellite transponders or maintaining uplinking facilities are substantial operational expenses.
- Statement 4 is Correct: The production of news requires expensive equipment such as cameras, lights, and sound recorders. While the initial purchase is a capital expenditure, the maintenance, upgradation, and depreciation of this technology are considered part of the overall cost of running the studio.
Key Takeaway:
Running a media house involves high costs related to advanced technology (satellites, equipment) and human resources (salaries of technical and non-technical staff).