The correct option is (d).
Explanation
The specific criteria used to measure deprivation under the Cooking Fuel indicator within the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI). This indicator is a component of the 'Standard of Living' dimension.
- Statement 1 is correct: According to the MPI methodology (used in both the Global MPI and India's National MPI), a household is considered not deprived if it cooks with clean fuels. Clean fuels include Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG), natural gas, electricity, or biogas. Therefore, the use of LPG prevents deprivation in this indicator.
- Statement 2 is correct: A household is classified as deprived if it relies on solid fuels for cooking. Wood is categorized as a solid fuel (along with dung and crop residues). Consequently, using wood results in the household being marked as deprived.
- Statement 3 is correct: Charcoal is also classified as a solid fuel under the MPI framework. Households using charcoal for cooking are considered deprived.
Key Takeaway: Under the Multidimensional Poverty Index, a household is deprived regarding cooking fuel if it uses dung, wood, charcoal, or coal; it is considered non-deprived if it uses electricity, LPG, natural gas, or biogas.