The correct option is 2 only
Explanation
The architecture of mosques in medieval India exemplifies the synthesis of universal Islamic ritual requirements with diverse indigenous building traditions, resulting in the development of distinct regional Indo-Islamic styles.
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: The orientation towards Mecca (qibla) is a fundamental canonical requirement for Islamic prayer. Consequently, the mihrab (a niche in the wall indicating the direction of Mecca) and the minbar (pulpit for sermons) became universal functional features in mosques across India, regardless of the region.
- Statement 2 is Correct: There was no strict uniformity in building materials or roof designs. Architects and artisans utilized locally available materials (such as brick in Bengal, stone in Gujarat, and wood in Kashmir) and incorporated regional architectural forms. For instance, the curved "Bangla" roof was adopted in Bengal mosques, while Gujarati mosques often retained the pillar-and-beam structure of local temples. This adaptation led to the emergence of varied provincial styles rather than a singular, uniform design.
Key Takeaway: While the ritual orientation and functional components of mosques remained constant to satisfy religious obligations, the structural style and materials varied significantly due to the integration of local regional traditions.