The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
Bicameralism refers to a legislative system with two chambers: a Lower House (representing the people directly) and an Upper House (representing states or acting as a revising chamber). The primary objective of the Upper House is to act as a check on the Lower House and provide broader representation.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct. One of the fundamental advantages of a bicameral legislature is that it allows for a "second look" at legislation. The Upper House reviews bills passed by the Lower House, ensuring that decisions are not taken in haste or under immediate emotional impulses. This acts as a safeguard against hasty or ill-conceived legislation.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect. A bicameral system does not prevent the Executive from introducing bills in the Lower House. In the Indian parliamentary system, Ministers (members of the Executive) can introduce ordinary bills in either the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha. Furthermore, Money Bills can only be introduced in the Lower House. Therefore, the existence of a second chamber does not restrict the initiation of legislation in the first chamber.
- Statement 3 is Correct. The Upper House facilitates the representation of individuals who may possess special knowledge or practical experience in fields such as literature, science, art, and social service, but who may not wish to engage in the rough and tumble of direct elections (active politics). For instance, the President of India nominates 12 such members to the Rajya Sabha.
Key Takeaway:
The Upper House serves two primary functions: acting as a revising chamber to prevent hasty legislation and providing a platform for diverse representation, including experts and federal units (states).