The correct option is (c) Both 1 and 2.
Explanation
The Mauryan Empire was characterized by a highly centralized administrative structure. While the vast empire was divided into provinces (such as Taxila, Ujjain, Tosali, and Suvarnagiri) governed by royal princes, the core region surrounding the capital, Pataliputra, was administered directly by the central authority.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: The area around Pataliputra was under the direct control of the Emperor. Unlike the provinces, which were often ruled by Kumaras (royal princes) acting as governors, the administration of the capital and its immediate vicinity was supervised directly by the Emperor with the assistance of officials.
- Statement 2 is Correct: To maintain the large army and bureaucracy, the state required significant revenue. Officials were appointed specifically to collect taxes from farmers, herders, craftspersons, and traders living in the villages and towns within this area. Disobedience to these officials could result in punishment, as they acted on the direct authority of the ruler.
Key Takeaway:
The Mauryan administration distinguished between the provincial rule (often via royal governors) and the direct central administration of the capital region (Pataliputra), where officials were appointed by the Emperor to ensure rigorous tax collection and law enforcement.