Correct Option
The correct option is (c) 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
The Chola administration is renowned for its highly organized system of local self-government. The empire was divided into Mandalams (provinces), Valanadus, and Nadus (districts). The basic unit of administration was the village (Ur), and groups of villages formed the Nadu. These units enjoyed significant autonomy in managing local affairs.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: Settlements of peasants, known as Ur, grew prosperous with the expansion of irrigation agriculture. Groups of such villages formed larger units called Nadu. Both the village council and the Nadu performed essential administrative functions, which included dispensing justice and collecting taxes within their respective jurisdictions.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: While the Nadu and village assemblies possessed a high degree of autonomy, they did not function without supervision. The central Chola government maintained oversight over these local units to ensure efficient administration and revenue collection. The autonomy was within the framework of the imperial structure, not independent of it.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Rich peasants belonging to the Vellala caste exercised considerable control over the affairs of the Nadu. This was done under the supervision of the central Chola government. To integrate these powerful locals into the state structure, Chola kings often bestowed titles such as Muvendavelan (a peasant serving three kings) and Araiyar (chief) upon rich landowners as markers of respect and entrusted them with important state offices.
Key Takeaway: The Chola administrative system balanced local autonomy with central supervision. The Nadu (district) and Ur (village) handled justice and taxation, often controlled by the influential Vellala caste under the oversight of the King's government.