Correct Option
The correct option is (c) 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
The credibility of an electoral system is assessed by the acceptance of its outcomes by participating parties and the general public. While India's electoral process is widely regarded as free and fair, leading to the peaceful transfer of power, it faces structural challenges such as the influence of money and muscle power.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: In India, the electoral outcome is generally accepted as the 'people's verdict' by the defeated party. While there may be isolated complaints regarding specific malpractices, the overall result is rarely rejected. The peaceful transition of power after elections is a testament to the democratic maturity of the Indian political system. The phrase "invariably refuses" is factually incorrect.
- Statement 2 is Correct: Ruling parties at both the national and state levels frequently lose elections in India. This phenomenon, often attributed to anti-incumbency, distinguishes India from many other democracies (such as the US) where incumbents often have a higher probability of winning. In India, a significant proportion of sitting MPs or MLAs often lose their seats.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The influence of money and muscle power remains a significant challenge in Indian elections. Candidates with criminal antecedents are often able to secure party tickets and win elections because they possess the resources to fund campaigns and mobilize support, often through coercion or patronage.
Key Takeaway: The Indian electoral system is characterized by high competitiveness and the general acceptance of results, ensuring democratic legitimacy, though it continues to grapple with the criminalization of politics and the excessive role of money.