The correct option is
2 and 3 only
Explanation
By the twelfth century, Sufism evolved into organized communities centered around a khanqah (hospice) controlled by a teaching master (shaikh, pir, or murshid). This organization led to the formation of silsilas, which literally means a "chain," signifying a continuous spiritual link between master and disciple, tracing back to the Prophet Muhammad. The naming conventions of these orders varied.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect. Sufi lineages were named in various ways. While some were named after their place of origin, others were indeed named after a founding figure. For example, the Qadiri order was named after Shaikh Abd’ul Qadir Jilani. Therefore, the assertion that they were "never" named after a founding figure is factually wrong.
- Statement 2 is Correct. The Chishti order, one of the most influential Sufi orders in the Indian subcontinent, derives its name from the town of Chisht in central Afghanistan. It was established in India by Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti towards the end of the twelfth century.
- Statement 3 is Correct. The Qadiri order is named after its founder, Shaikh Abd’ul Qadir Jilani. This order is known for its emphasis on the adherence to the fundamentals of Islam and became prominent in India during the Mughal period.
Key Takeaway
Sufi Silsilas (orders) followed diverse naming traditions: some were identified by their place of origin (e.g., Chishti from Chisht), while others were named after their founding saints (e.g., Qadiri from Shaikh Abd’ul Qadir Jilani).