Explanation
The correct option is (a).
During the medieval period, the social structure of India evolved significantly. The traditional Varna system became more complex, leading to the emergence of Jatis (sub-castes) as the primary unit of social organization, largely determined by occupation and lineage.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: As society and the economy became more complex, people were grouped into Jatis or sub-castes. These groupings were primarily based on their backgrounds and their specific occupations (such as artisans, smiths, or carpenters) rather than just the broad Varna categories.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Jatis were not equal in status. They were strictly ranked in a hierarchy based on their occupation and background. However, the rank of a specific Jati was not fixed permanently and could vary from one region to another depending on the power and influence controlled by members of that Jati.
Key Takeaway:
Medieval society was stratified into Jatis (occupational sub-castes) which were ranked hierarchically. Their status was fluid across regions but strictly enforced within local contexts through bodies like the Jati Panchayat.