Correct Option
The correct option is (c).
Explanation
Harshavardhana (606–647 CE) was a prominent ruler of the Pushyabhuti dynasty who established a vast empire in North India. His military campaigns were aimed at consolidating control over Northern India (Sakalottarapathanatha) and expanding southwards.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: Harsha successfully brought most of North India under his control. After the death of his rival Shashanka, he conquered Magadha and Bengal (Gauda). He also extended his authority over Odisha (Kalinga) and other eastern regions.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Harsha desired to expand his empire into the Deccan and marched towards the South. However, he failed to penetrate the Deccan. He did not successfully cross the Narmada to conquer the region; rather, the Narmada river became the southern boundary of his empire.
- Statement 3 is Correct: When Harsha attempted to march south of the Narmada, he was decisively defeated by the Chalukya ruler Pulakeshin II. This victory is mentioned in the Aihole Inscription composed by Ravikirti, which describes how the "Harsha" (joy) of the King was turned into sorrow (grief).
Key Takeaway
Harshavardhana unified North India but his southern expansion was checked at the Narmada River by the Chalukya king Pulakeshin II.