The correct option is (a).
Explanation
Ashoka’s reign represents a unique turning point in history where a victorious monarch renounced military conquest in favor of cultural and moral conquest (
Dhammavijaya). This transformation is primarily documented in his Major Rock Edicts, particularly Rock Edict XIII.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: According to Major Rock Edict XIII, Ashoka conquered Kalinga eight years after his coronation. This event occurred roughly in the ninth year of his reign (c. 261 BCE). The massive slaughter and suffering witnessed during this war caused him immense remorse.
- Statement 2 is Correct: Historical records and standard texts describe Ashoka as the only king in the history of the world who gave up the policy of military conquest immediately after winning a war. While other kings have turned to religion or peace in defeat or old age, Ashoka’s renunciation came at the height of his military success.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: While Ashoka abandoned the policy of physical conquest (Bherighosa) in favor of the conquest by righteousness (Dhammavijaya), he did not disband his army. The army was retained to maintain law and order within the vast empire and to protect its frontiers. In Rock Edict XIII, he even issues a stern warning to the forest tribes, reminding them that despite his remorse, the King still possesses the power to punish if necessary.
Key Takeaway
Ashoka’s transformation led to the replacement of
Bherighosa (sound of war drums) with
Dhammaghosa (sound of Dhamma), but the administrative and military apparatus of the Mauryan state remained intact to ensure stability.