The correct option is (b).
Explanation
The Chola period is renowned for its agrarian expansion and sophisticated management of water resources, particularly in the Kaveri delta. This era witnessed significant developments in land reclamation and irrigation infrastructure to support the empire's economy.Statement 1 is Incorrect: While agriculture had developed earlier in various parts of Tamil Nadu, the area was opened up for large-scale cultivation starting from the fifth or sixth century, not the tenth century. By the time of the Imperial Cholas (starting 9th century), this process was already well underway and was further intensified.
Statement 2 is Correct: To facilitate the expansion of agriculture, extensive land development was undertaken. Forests were cleared in some regions to create arable land, and uneven land was levelled to ensure proper irrigation and cultivation.
Statement 3 is Incorrect: In the delta regions, the construction of embankments was necessary and actively pursued to prevent flooding. Additionally, canals were constructed to channel water to the fields. Embankments were not banned; they were a crucial part of the irrigation infrastructure.
Key Takeaway: Chola agriculture was characterized by active land reclamation (clearing forests) and the construction of embankments and canals in the Kaveri delta to manage water and prevent flooding.