The correct option is 2 only
Explanation
The Sarnath Lion Capital is considered the finest example of Mauryan sculpture. Commissioned by Emperor Ashoka, it originally surmounted the Ashokan pillar at Sarnath to mark the site of the Buddha's first sermon (Dharmachakrapravartana). It showcases the high technical skill and aesthetic sensibility of Mauryan artisans, particularly in the polished surface finish known as the "Mauryan polish."
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: The sculptural treatment of the four lions is highly realistic. The artisans successfully conveyed the physical weight and power of the animals through anatomical details. Specifically, the weight of the body of each lion is firmly depicted by the tension and stretched muscles of the feet and paws.
- Statement 2 is Correct: The abacus (the drum below the lions) does not depict only lions. It features four distinct animals moving in a clockwise direction: a lion, an elephant, a bull, and a horse. These animals are separated by four smaller wheels (chakras).
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: While the capital originally supported a large crowning wheel (Dharmachakra) representing the turning of the Wheel of Law, this wheel is not intact. It was found broken in fragments at the site. The capital currently preserved in the Sarnath Museum consists of the inverted lotus, the abacus, and the four lions, but lacks the complete crowning wheel.
Key Takeaway
The Sarnath Lion Capital consists of five components: the shaft (monolithic), the bell-shaped lotus, the abacus featuring four animals (Lion, Elephant, Bull, Horse), the four addorsed lions, and the originally crowning Dharmachakra (now broken). It serves as the National Emblem of India.