The correct option is 2 only
Explanation
The concept of development is dynamic and has evolved significantly over the decades. Initially rooted in quantitative economic metrics, the definition has progressively expanded to include qualitative aspects such as social equity, basic human needs, and environmental sustainability.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: In the post-World War II era (particularly the 1950s and 1960s), the understanding of development was largely synonymous with economic growth. It was measured primarily by the increase in Gross National Product (GNP) and per capita income. The prevailing economic theory assumed that industrialization and economic growth would automatically "trickle down" to improve the standard of living for the wider population.
- Statement 2 is Correct: The 1970s did not restrict development to industrial output; rather, it marked a shift towards broadening the concept. During this period, it became evident that economic growth alone was insufficient to eradicate poverty or inequality. Consequently, new concepts such as "growth with equity" and "redistribution with growth" emerged, and the International Labour Organization (ILO) introduced the "Basic Needs Approach," focusing on health, education, and food rather than just output.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: Environmental concerns were not excluded in the 1980s; they became central to the definition of development during this decade. The 1980s saw the rise of the "Sustainable Development" paradigm, crystallized by the World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland Commission) in its 1987 report Our Common Future. This integrated environmental preservation with developmental goals.
Key Takeaway:
The evolution of development concepts progressed from a narrow focus on economic growth (1950s-60s) to incorporating social equity (1970s) and eventually integrating environmental sustainability (1980s onwards).