The correct option is 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
Cyclones are low-pressure systems characterized by inward spiraling winds. They are broadly classified into two types based on their latitude of origin and formation mechanism: Tropical Cyclones (thermal origin) and Extra Tropical or Temperate Cyclones (dynamic/frontal origin).
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect.
Extra tropical cyclones are formed due to frontogenesis, which involves the interaction of two distinct air masses (warm and cold). Consequently, they possess a clear frontal system. In contrast, tropical cyclones derive their energy from the latent heat of condensation and do not possess a frontal system.
- Statement 2 is Correct.
Extra tropical cyclones generally cover a much larger area compared to tropical cyclones. While tropical cyclones are more compact and destructive with higher wind velocities, extra tropical cyclones can span thousands of kilometers, affecting vast regions simultaneously.
- Statement 3 is Correct.
Tropical cyclones require a continuous supply of moisture to sustain the release of latent heat; therefore, they originate only over warm oceans and dissipate rapidly upon making landfall. Extra tropical cyclones, driven by the interaction of air masses in the mid-latitudes, can originate over both land and sea.
Key Takeaway: The primary distinction lies in the energy source and structure: Tropical cyclones are thermally driven, non-frontal, and sea-bound, whereas Extra Tropical cyclones are dynamically driven by fronts and can exist over land.