The correct option is 2 only
Explanation
The vertical motion of air is driven by the interaction between surface pressure systems and the continuity of mass in the atmosphere. This involves the coupling of horizontal airflow (convergence and divergence) with vertical airflow (rising and subsiding motion), which directly dictates weather conditions.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: In a low-pressure area, the atmospheric pressure is lower at the center than in the surroundings. Consequently, air flows inward towards the center (surface convergence). Due to the accumulation of mass, this converging air is forced to rise. Rising air undergoes adiabatic cooling, leading to condensation and cloud formation.
- Statement 2 is Correct: In a high-pressure area (anticyclone), air flows outward from the center at the surface (surface divergence). To replace the air moving away at the surface, air must subside (sink) from the upper atmosphere. Therefore, high-pressure areas are characterized by subsidence, not rising air.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: The formation of clouds and precipitation requires air to rise and cool. This is facilitated by convergence at the surface (which forces air up). Divergence at the surface causes air to sink (subsidence) and warm up adiabatically, which evaporates clouds and leads to clear, stable weather.
Key Takeaway:
Low Pressure = Surface Convergence + Rising Air (Unstable weather, precipitation).
High Pressure = Surface Divergence + Subsiding Air (Stable weather, clear skies).