The correct option is 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
The Work Participation Rate (WPR) is defined as the percentage of total workers (main and marginal) to the total population. It indicates the proportion of the population that is actively contributing to the production of goods and services. In India, WPR varies significantly across states and Union Territories due to differences in economic development, social structures, and the nature of economic activities.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect.
Contrary to the statement, the work participation rate tends to be higher in areas of lower levels of economic development. In such regions, the economy is often subsistence or near-subsistence based, requiring a large number of manual workers to sustain livelihoods. Consequently, a greater proportion of the population, including women and the elderly, is compelled to work. In more developed areas, higher income levels allow for longer periods of education and lower workforce entry rates among certain demographics.
- Statement 2 is Correct.
Himachal Pradesh has a work participation rate significantly higher than the national average. According to the Census 2011, the national average WPR is approximately 39.8%, whereas Himachal Pradesh recorded a WPR of approximately 51.9%. This is largely attributed to high female participation in agricultural and horticultural activities in the state.
- Statement 3 is Correct.
Union Territories such as Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu exhibit high work participation rates. For instance, Dadra and Nagar Haveli recorded a WPR of approximately 53.3% in the 2011 Census. This is driven by the concentration of industries in these territories, which attracts a large migrant workforce.
Key Takeaway:
In the Indian context, Work Participation Rate is inversely related to economic development in subsistence economies, as manual labor requirements force higher participation. States like Himachal Pradesh and UTs like Dadra and Nagar Haveli exceed the national average (approx. 40%).