Correct Option
The correct option is 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
India’s demographic history is broadly classified into four distinct phases of population growth based on the trends in birth rates, death rates, and the overall rate of increase. These phases reflect the country's transition through various stages of demographic transition.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect. The period from 1901 to 1921 is referred to as the period of a stagnant or stationary phase of growth, not population explosion. During this time, the growth rate was very low, and even negative during 1911-1921 due to high mortality rates caused by epidemics (such as influenza) and famines. The period of population explosion refers to the decades from 1951 to 1981.
- Statement 2 is Correct. The decades from 1921 to 1951 are known as the period of steady population growth. During this phase, there was an overall improvement in health and sanitation, which brought down the mortality rate. However, the crude birth rate remained high, leading to a steady increase in population.
- Statement 3 is Correct. In the post-1981 period, the growth rate has started slowing down gradually. While the total population continues to remain high and increase in absolute numbers, the rate of growth has witnessed a downward trend due to a decline in the crude birth rate.
Key Takeaway
Key Takeaway: India's demographic history is divided into four phases: Stagnant (1901-1921), Steady Growth (1921-1951), Population Explosion (1951-1981), and High but Declining Growth (Post-1981).