Correct Option
The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
The arts of the Indus Valley Civilization included sculptures in stone, bronze casting, and terracotta modeling. While stone and bronze works were often sophisticated and likely used by the elite, terracotta art was crude, hand-modeled, and widely used by the common people for toys, cult figurines, and household objects.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: Terracotta was extensively used to make toys and utilitarian objects. Archaeological findings include toy carts with wheels, whistles in the shape of birds, rattles, and animals with movable heads. These objects provide insight into the amusements of the Harappan people.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: While the famous "Bearded Priest" sculpture is made of steatite (stone), terracotta figurines of bearded males are not completely absent. Male figurines, though less common than the female "Mother Goddess" figures, have been found. Some of these male figures are depicted with beards and coiled hair, often with horns or specific headgear suggesting a deity or votive purpose.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The stylistic convention for the male terracotta figurines found in the Indus Valley typically features a rigidly upright posture. These figures usually stand with their legs slightly apart and their arms hanging parallel to the sides of the body. This stiff, static pose contrasts with the more fluid or naturalistic rendering seen in some bronze or stone sculptures.
Key Takeaway
Key Takeaway: Indus Valley terracotta art is distinct from its stone and bronze counterparts; it is generally cruder and includes numerous toys (carts, whistles) and "Mother Goddess" figurines. Male terracotta figures exist but are characterized by a rigid, upright posture with arms at the sides.