The correct option is 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Explanation
The term "Sultanate School" in this context refers to the Provincial Styles of Indo-Islamic architecture and art. As the central authority of the Delhi Sultanate weakened, governors in various regions declared independence, establishing local dynasties. These regions developed distinct styles by blending imperial Islamic features with indigenous local traditions and materials.
Statement-wise Analysis
- 1. Malwa: Correct. The Malwa style flourished in the Mandu region under the local Sultans. It is characterized by the use of different colored stones and marbles, large windows for ventilation, and the absence of minarets in many structures (e.g., Jahaz Mahal, Hindola Mahal).
- 2. Gujarat: Correct. The Gujarat style is considered one of the most distinct provincial styles. It flourished under the Gujarat Sultanate and represents a profound synthesis of Islamic requirements with indigenous Hindu and Jain architectural elements, such as carved brackets and toranas (e.g., Jama Masjid of Ahmedabad).
- 3. Jaunpur: Correct. The Sharqi style flourished in Jaunpur (modern-day Uttar Pradesh). It is noted for its massive inclined propylon (arched pylons) at the entrance of mosques and the absence of minarets (e.g., Atala Masjid).
- 4. Kashmir: Correct. A unique provincial style developed in Kashmir under its Sultans (such as Zain-ul-Abidin). Due to the local geography and climate, this style is characterized by the extensive use of wood (deodar), pyramidal roofs, and tall spires, distinct from the stone masonry of the plains (e.g., Shah Hamdan Shrine, Jamia Masjid in Srinagar).
Key Takeaway: The Provincial Styles of the Sultanate period flourished in Malwa, Gujarat, Jaunpur, Kashmir, Bengal, and the Deccan, each adapting Islamic architectural principles to local climatic conditions and artistic traditions.