Correct Option
The correct option is 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
The Quit India Movement, also known as the August Revolution (August Kranti), was launched by the Indian National Congress in August 1942. It represented a final mass effort to end British rule in India, characterized by leaderless spontaneity after the immediate arrest of top leaders.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: The Quit India Movement was launched in response to the failure of the Cripps Mission (March-April 1942), which failed to address Indian demands for immediate self-government. The Cabinet Mission arrived much later, in 1946, to negotiate the transfer of power and the formation of a Constituent Assembly.
- Statement 2 is Correct: With the arrest of major leaders like Gandhi and Nehru on August 9, 1942, the movement went underground. Members of the Congress Socialist Party, including Jayaprakash Narayan, Ram Manohar Lohia, and Aruna Asaf Ali, played a pivotal role in organizing underground resistance, distributing literature, and operating secret radio stations (e.g., Usha Mehta).
- Statement 3 is Correct: A significant feature of the movement was the establishment of parallel governments (Prati Sarkars) in several districts where British authority collapsed. Notable examples include:
- Ballia (Uttar Pradesh): Led by Chittu Pandey for a week.
- Tamluk (Medinipur, Bengal): The Jatiya Sarkar functioned from December 1942 to September 1944 and organized the 'Vidyut Vahini'.
- Satara (Maharashtra): The longest-running parallel government, led by Nana Patil and Y.B. Chavan.
Key Takeaway
The Quit India Movement (1942) was triggered by the failure of the Cripps Mission. Its defining characteristics included the rise of underground socialist leadership and the formation of parallel governments in regions like Ballia, Tamluk, and Satara.