The correct option is
2 only
Explanation
The Sanchi Stupa is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a paramount example of Buddhist art and architecture. Its survival and preservation in the nineteenth century were significantly influenced by the decisions of the local rulers of Bhopal and their interactions with European colonial powers.Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect. Both the French and the English showed considerable interest in the Sanchi Stupa, but their initial interest was extractive. The French sought permission from Shahjehan Begum to remove the eastern gateway (torana) to display it in a museum in France. Similarly, the English also desired to transport parts of the monument to England. They were eventually satisfied with plaster-cast copies, allowing the original structure to remain at the site.
- Statement 2 is Correct. The Begums of Bhopal, specifically Shahjehan Begum and her successor Sultan Jehan Begum, played a pivotal role in the in-situ preservation of the Stupa. They provided substantial funds for the preservation of the ancient site. Furthermore, Sultan Jehan Begum funded the construction of the museum at the site and the publication of the volumes on Sanchi written by John Marshall.
Key Takeaway: The preservation of the Sanchi Stupa was largely due to the patronage of the Begums of Bhopal, who funded its maintenance and prevented the removal of its gateways by European powers.