The correct option is 1 and 3 only
Explanation
The Stupa is a fundamental structure in Buddhist architecture, originally developing as a burial mound for the relics of the Buddha. Over time, it evolved into a complex symbol of the Buddhist universe, comprising distinct architectural elements such as the anda, harmika, yashti, and chhatra.
Statement 1 is Correct:
The anda refers to the hemispherical dome or mound that forms the main body of the stupa. In the earliest stupas, this was a simple semi-circular mound made of earth or unburnt brick, symbolizing the water bubble of impermanence or the cosmic mountain.
Statement 2 is Incorrect:
The yashti is not a square railing; it is the central mast or pole that rises from the top of the dome. It symbolizes the cosmic axis (axis mundi) supporting the triple umbrella (chhatra). The square railing that surrounds the summit of the mound is called the harmika, which represents the abode of the gods.
Statement 3 is Correct:
The railings (vedika) and gateways (torana) of early stupas, particularly those at sites like Bharhut and Sanchi (expanded during the Sunga and Satavahana periods), were often richly carved. These carvings depicted Jataka tales, events from the life of the Buddha, and various auspicious symbols, serving as a visual scripture for lay worshippers.
Key Takeaway:
The harmika is the square railing atop the dome, while the yashti is the central pillar rising from it. Confusion between these vertical and horizontal structural elements is a common testing point.